The lytic and lysogenic cycles are the two main phases of a virus’ infective lifecycle and route to replication. The lytic cycle, or virulent infection, involves a virus taking control of a host cell ...

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle focused on carbon and how it is sequestered in and moves between different reservoirs in the Earth system. A bookkeeping approach shows that disturbed ...

Marshall Hargrave is a stock analyst and writer with 10+ years of experience covering stocks and markets, as well as analyzing and valuing companies. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and ...

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a ...

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